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吐鲁番高昌故城讲解词篇一
turpan basin is an olive shaped intermountain basin in the east of tianshanmountains. it is surrounded by mountains, high in the north and low in thesouth, wide in the west and narrow in the east. due to the himalayan orogenyabout 30 million years ago, a variety of geological structures and landformshave been formed. in the north there is bogda peak, which is covered with snowall the year round at an altitude of 5445 meters. in the middle there is flamingmountain, which stretches 100 kilometers from east to west. in the flamingmountain, there is a famous grape valley 7 kilometers long. the most peculiar isaiding lake, which is 154 meters below sea level. it is the lowest basin inchina and the second dead sea of jordan, which is 391 meters below sea level thesecond lowest land in the world. turpan basin integrates snow mountains, rivervalleys, sand dunes and lakes, just like a giant landscape painting, which makespeople stop and linger.
because of its unique geographical environment, turpan has become the placewith the highest temperature in summer in china. from june to august every year,the average temperature here ranges from 35 ℃ to 37 ℃, the extreme maximumtemperature reaches 49.6 ℃, and the surface temperature exceeds 70 ℃. therefore,people describe it as "a place where eggs can be baked in sand nest and bigcakes can be baked on stone slab". when our cars travel through the village, wecan also see such a novel phenomenon, that is, every family's bed is placedoutside the house, which is how the local residents spend the hot ore, it is appropriate for people to call turpan "huozhou" since ancienttimes. however, although the absolute temperature here is very high, thetemperature difference between day and night is large. in addition, there areoften strong winds in the basin. even if it is extremely hot during the day,once the sun sets and night falls, the temperature will gradually cool ally in spring and autumn, the temperature difference is more obvious,
just like two seasons, "wearing fur coat in the morning and yarn in theafternoon" is a true portrayal of the climate characteristics of turpanbasin.
turpan is dry and rainless. almost 10 months of the year, there is no rainor snow. the average annual precipitation is 16.6 mm, but the evaporation is ashigh as 3000 mm. the precipitation season is mainly in summer. the climate ofturpan basin is often described as "dry without rain" because of small rainfall,coarse raindrop and short precipitation time. as a part of precipitation,snowfall is rare in turpan basin. the average snowfall in winter is less than2mm. however, the year-round snow on bogda mountain provides endless water forthe basin. by digging the kaner well, the local people lead the melting waterfrom the snow mountain to the ground through the underground flow, irrigate thefertile land, and breed a vibrant desert oasis.
the closed basin, thin cloud cover, strong solar radiation and extremelyhigh temperature form abundant heat resources. in turpan basin, where the sky ishigh and the clouds are light, the annual sunshine hours are more than 3000hours. abundant heat resources provide an ideal environment for the growth ofthermophilic crops such as melons, fruits and cotton. for example, turpan grape,which is famous at home and abroad, has a history of more than 20__ years andhas more than 300 varieties. after testing, the sugar content of turpan grape isas high as 22% - 26%, which is higher than that of california grape (20%) withthe highest sugar content. turpan grape is the sweetest grape in the ts, after introducing the geography of turpan, let's review itshistory
turpan, known as gaochang, xizhou and huozhou in ancient times, became thepolitical, economic and cultural center of the western regions more than 20__years ago in the western han dynasty, and was a famous town on the ancient silkroad. the former state of cheshi, built by local cheshi people, once dominatedhere for a while. in the jin dynasty, it was the location of the capital of thewestern regions, where the "gaochang county" was established. after the fall ofgaochang kingdom, the tang dynasty set up "xizhou" here. in song dynasty, theuighur people moved westward and established the kingdom of gaochang. in yuanand ming dynasties, "huozhou" and "hezhou" were established. zhili hall ofturpan was set up in qing dynasty. turpan county was set up in 1913. in 1985,the county was removed and turpan city was established. turpan was also one ofthe earliest regions in xinjiang to open to the outside world. since the han andtang dynasties, foreign exchanges have been very frequent. businessmen, monksand envoys from the central plains to india, persia and the mediterranean coasthave come in an endless stream, leaving turpan with many beautiful ts, coming to turpan, seem to have read a thick historical picture. thereare the ancient cities of jiaohe and gaochang, which are full of thevicissitudes of war, the exquisite and gorgeous frescoes of bazkrik dry buddhacave, the ancient tombs of astana, which is known as the underground museum, andthe sugong pagoda, which is an ancient building with islamic style. they showpeople the historical features of different times. history has left turpan notonly ruins, but also a long culture. the folk customs here are rich andcolorful, and the people here are enthusiastic and good at singing and at night in turpan hotel grape rack, while tasting fruits, while enjoying"wheat"
the "seraph" party will definitely make you feel relaxed and ts, this is the general situation of turpan. maybe some tourists have tosay that after talking for a long time, i haven't expressed the chinese meaningof "turpan". yes, turpan is a turkic language, which means "rich and fertileplace". after listening to the translation of the name and comparing with theprevious introduction, do you have the same feeling? i hope turpan, a beautifuland rich place, can add more fun to your travel.
2 tour guide to the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik the specialgeographical location of the silk road makes xinjiang an important channel forcultural exchanges between the east and the west. therefore, religious art inxinjiang is very prosperous, and all major religions have a place here. inaddition to islam, nestorianism and manichaeism, buddhism has the mostfar-reaching influence. caves and stone carvings all over xinjiang fully provethis. today we are going to visit is located in the middle of the flame mountaingorge in the baizikrik thousand buddha cave. origin of the name → historicalstatus → general situation of the caves
bozikrik thousand buddha cave, known as "ningrong grottoes" in tangdynasty, is located in mutougou gorge of huoyan mountain, about 60 km northeastof turpan city, only 15 km south of the old city of gaochang. it is one of thelarger and famous buddhist grottoes in xinjiang. bozikrik means "hillside" inuighur and "decorative painting" in turkic.
bozikrik thousand buddha cave was first excavated in the late northern andsouthern dynasties, namely the qushi gaochang state (ad
during the seven centuries of tang, five dynasties, song and yuandynasties, it was one of the buddhist centers in the western regions. gaochanguighur period (9th-13th century a.d.) is the most prosperous period of thegrottoes. therefore, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik is considered as "themost important, the most abundant, the most complete and the most representativeart treasure house in uighur buddhist art". tourists, now we come to thethousand buddha cave scenic area. there are 83 caves and 77 existing numberedcaves. among them, there are more than 40 caves with residual murals. the totalarea of murals is 1200 square meters. it is the largest number of caves and themost abundant murals in turpan. there are various forms of grottoes, such ashorizontal top straight cave, central pillar cave, square double set cave anddome square cave, and some built temples and buddha platform in the middle ofthe grottoes.
[mural content → jiyue painting in cave 16 → hell change in cave 17 → greatlotus in cave 18 - uighur king in gaochang in cave 20 → manichaeism in cave 38 →small commemorative shadow cave in cave 82 → 83]
walking down the steps at the entrance, we can see more than a dozen cavesopen to tourists. the light in the caves is not very strong, and the mottledpictures on the inner wall of the arch can be seen faintly. each line isdepicted in detail. the ribbons of the characters are very dynamic, but many ofthe characters are incomplete, which is a pity.
the frescoes in the bozikrik grottoes mainly include the "buddha" with alarge-scale portrait of buddha as the center
the purpose of these paintings is to glorify the buddhist dharma forworshiping good men and women. from the 6th century to the 12th century, it hasalways been an important place for buddhism in gaochang kingdom. manyinscriptions in ancient huique script, chinese script and baltic script arestill preserved in the grottoes, which are valuable materials for studyingancient scripts. the architectural style and painting skills of the grottoes arealso of high research value. in 1982, the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik waslisted as a national key cultural relic protection unit.
tourists, let's first visit cave 16. cave 16 was excavated in the middletang dynasty. there is a picture of jiyue in the cave. in the picture,xiaohulei, an ancient musical instrument, appeared for the first time in chinesebuddhist caves. hulei, also known as the dragon head pipa, originated fromnanzhao music of tang dynasty. it is shaped like a pear with a stick, a dragonhead with two strings, a boa skin covering the abdomen, and a sandalwood authentic products are now stored in the palace museum of beijing. next,let's look at caves 17 and 18. these two caves are the earliest in the wholegrottoes group, which were excavated in the late northern and southern dynastiesfrom the 6th to 7th century. let's first take a look at the mural "hell changes"in cave 17, which is very similar to the painting of mani's teaching aidmansion, which is rare in china. there is a big lotus flower in the center ofthe top of cave 18, which is filled with geometric patterns such as triangle andfour leaves in the middle. it is elegant and solemn, with nationalcharacteristics.
next, let's visit cave 20. the murals in the grottoes show images of theuighur king and queen of gaochang. the uighur king of gaochang was wearing alotus petal shaped crown, a round collar wide sleeve robe, a middle belt, blackboots and other daily necessities. the queen is plump, wearing a crown and a redcoat with lapels and narrow sleeves. the color of the portrait is gorgeous, thelines are smooth and the drawing is exquisite. beside the portrait is theinscription of huique. this group of murals is highly artistic and is one of therepresentative works of the whole thousand buddha cave murals. unfortunately,the original mural is on display in the berlin museum in germany, and the colorphotos on display in the cave are based on the original. the frescoes in cave 38are different from those before. they are about ancient manichaeism. there arethree trees in the frescoes behind the grottoes, under which there are manyimages of monks and nuns dressed in white and feathered people with wings, whichshow respect for manichaeism. manichaeism is a religion founded by persian mani,also known as mingjiao, which worships the god of light. from the 9th century tothe 12th century, gaochang uighur kingdom was the center of manichaeism in theworld. manichaeism once became the state religion of gaochang uighur we come to cave 82 and 83, which is under ganfo cave and beside is a small commemorative shadow cave specially built for buddhist eminentmonks during the reign of emperor gaochang in the 10th and 11th centuries a.d. apottery relic box and a gold foil wrapping paper used by buddhists wereunearthed here. the ink mark on it indicates that the gold foil shop was locatedin the south of taihelou street in hangzhou in song dynasty. this gold foilwrapping paper proves that gaochang uighur kingdom had quite close economic andtrade contacts with the song dynasty from the 11th to the 12th century.
tourists, from the murals of the thousand buddha cave in bozikrik, we cansee xinjiang buddhism
the long history of culture makes us have a deeper understanding of thebroad and profound culture of xinjiang. the past of xinjiang is brilliant, andwe believe that the future of xinjiang will be more brilliant.
吐鲁番高昌故城讲解词篇二
高昌故城遗址坐落在吐鲁番市东面约四十公里的哈拉和卓乡所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木头沟沟口(胜金口)约6.5公里，东距鄯善县城约55公里，属吐鲁番文物局管辖。它是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。高昌故城的维吾尔语称亦都护城，即"王城"之意，因为此城为高昌回鹘王国的都城，故名。
1961年被国务院公布为全国重点文保护单位。被誉为“长安远在西域的翻版”曾经有一位考古学家这样说“如果想知道盛唐时的长安城是什么样，就来吐鲁番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐时长安远在西域的翻版”时光已逝千年，但当时的繁盛仍依稀可见。
高昌故城奠基于公元前一世纪，是西汉王朝在车师前国境内的屯田部队所建。《汉书》中最早提到了“高昌壁”。《北史•西域传》记载：“昔汉武遣兵西讨，师旅顿敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地势高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。汉、魏、晋历代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被称为“戊己校尉城”。
公元320__年，前凉张骏在此“置高昌郡，立田地县”(《初学记》卷八引顾野三《舆地志》)。继之又先后为河西走廊的前奏、后凉、西凉、北凉所管辖。442年，北凉残余势力在沮渠无讳率领下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政权。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，灭车师前国，吐鲁番盆地政治、经济、文化的中心遂由交河城完全转移到高昌城。460年，柔然人杀北凉王安周，“以阚伯周为高昌王。高昌之称王自此始也”(《周书。高昌传》)。
此后张、马、麴氏在高昌相继称王，其中以麴氏高昌统治时间最长，达一百四十余年(499-640)。
这些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的册封。麴伯雅还曾到隋朝长安朝觐，并娶隋华容公主为妻。
640年，唐吏部尚书侯君集带兵统一了高昌，在此置西州，下辖高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五县。由侯君集所得高昌国户籍档案统计，当时有人口三万七千。
八世纪末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占据了高昌。
九世纪中叶以后，漠北草原回鹘汗国衰亡后，西迁的部分余众攻下高昌，在此建立了回鹘高昌国。其疆域最盛时包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龟兹二都督府之地。此外还统有分布在罗布淖一带的众熨及其它一些别的民族或部落，地域范围远远超过了今吐鲁番盆地。1220__年，高昌回鹘臣附蒙古，成吉思汗赐回鹘高昌王为自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。
十三世纪以后，天山以北广大地区的西北蒙古游牧贵族以海都、都哇为首发动叛乱，坚持“仍旧要生活在草原上，不能到城市地区去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣属于元朝的回鹘高昌国，1275年一次出兵十二万围攻火州(高昌)达半年之久，后来亦都护(高昌王号)火赤哈尔的斤终于战死在同海都、都哇的战争中。这场战火延续四十余年之久，高昌城在战乱中被毁。
元延祐三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗册封继承高王位的火赤哈尔的斤的儿子纽林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“领兵火州，复立畏兀儿城池”(《元史•巴而术阿尔忒的斤传》)。由于高昌城在战火中毁坏过甚，这次重建的火州城已不在高昌旧址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝统治瓦解后，火洲部割据处称“地面”，故《明史》称：“火州……东有荒城，即高昌国都”。
登高眺望，全程平面略呈不规则的正方形，布局可以分为外城、内城和宫城三部分。城垣保存较完整。
外城略呈方形，周长约五公里，占地面二百万平方米。城墙为夯筑，墙基厚约12米，高11.5米，周长约5公里;夯土筑成，夯层厚8-12厘米，间杂少量的土坯，有清楚地夹棍眼;城垣外侧有突出的垛台一“马面”建筑。
高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一万平方米，由大门、庭院、讲经堂、藏经楼、大殿、僧房等组成。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图案分析，其建筑年代约在公元六世纪。寺院附近还残存一些“坊”、“市”遗址，可能是小手工业者的作坊和商业市场。外城的东南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多边形的塔和一个礼拜窟(支提窟)，是城内唯一保存有较好壁画的地方。从壁画的风格和塔的造型分析，为回鹘高昌后期(公元12-13世纪)的建筑。
内城北部正中有一平面不规则略呈正方形的小堡垒，当地叫“可汗堡”。堡内北面的高台上有一高达十五米的夯筑方形塔状建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下双层建筑物，现仅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有宽大的阶梯式门道供出入，规模虽不大，但与交河故城现存唐代最豪华的一所官署衙门建筑形式相同，可能是一宫殿遗址。解放前，一支德国考察队曾在堡内东南角盗掘出一方“北凉承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政权的北凉王，据该碑推断，此堡可能是当时的宫城，并有王室寺院。
北部的宫城内留存许多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高达四层的宫殿建筑遗址。
高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在这里。整个墓群从城东北一直延伸到城西北，东西长约五公里，南北宽两公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世纪初以来，在这里发掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文书、丝毛棉麻织物、墓志、钱币、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、绘画、农作物、瓜果食品等各种历史文物，数以万计。
实地考察，证之文献资料，高昌郡时期高昌城已经有了现存的内城。外城墙是麴氏高昌时期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的属于这一时期的文书中有“北坊中城”、“东南坊”、“西南坊”等记载，说明当时此城已经有中、外之分，东、南、西、北之别。见于文书中的城门有青阳门、建阳门、玄德门、武城门、金章门、金福门等。敦煌莫高窟藏经洞发现的《西州图经》中记：“圣人塔，在子城东北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宫城在今“可汗堡”内。麴氏高昌时期随着外城的修建，宫城遂迁移到北部，南面而王，与隋唐时长安城的布局相似。回鹘高昌时期宫城内又曾大兴土木。
汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原中亚、欧洲的枢纽。经贸活动十分活跃，世界各地的宗教先后经由高昌传入内地，毫不夸张的说，它是世界古代宗教最活跃最发达的地方，也是世界宗教文化荟萃的宝地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，为了提高佛教学水平，不畏杀身之祸，于公元620__年偷偷离开长安，出玉门，经高昌，沿丝绸中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度诸国，历时20__年。在高昌，玄奘诵经讲佛，与高昌王拜为兄弟，留下一段千古佳话。
高昌故城自公元前一世纪建高昌壁，到十三世纪废弃，使用了一千三百多年。始建时间距今已有两千多年了。它是吐鲁番地区千年沧桑的见证。
1988年被列为国家级重点文物保护单位。
吐鲁番高昌故城讲解词篇三
各位游客：
欢迎大家来到吐鲁番。提起吐鲁番，人们就会情不自禁地想起“西部歌王”王洛宾，他那“吐鲁番的葡萄熟了，阿娜尔罕的心儿醉了”，美妙的歌词，动人的旋律，把我们带入了一个如诗如画的境界。下面就让我们走进吐鲁番，共同去感受一下它的神奇魅力吧!
吐鲁番的地理特点→气候特征
“最热、最低、最旱、最甜”，这是人们对吐鲁番的形象描述，也准确地概括了吐鲁番的地理和气候特点。
游客们，我们先来介绍一下吐鲁番的地理位置和地形特征。吐鲁番地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区的中部，东面与哈密接壤，西、南面与巴音郭楞接壤，西北距乌鲁木齐市183、公里，北面与昌吉毗邻。东西长约300公里，南北宽约240公里，面积6.四万平方公里，占全疆总面积的4.2%。地形特点是两山夹一盆，博格达山和库鲁克塔格山南北夹峙，中间是吐鲁番盆地。地区下辖二县一市，即都善县、托克逊县和吐鲁番市。总人口约52万。主要民族有维吾尔、汉、回、哈萨克、满、俄罗斯等。
吐鲁番盆地是天山东部一个东西横置的形如橄榄状的山间盆地，四周环山，北高南低，西宽东窄。由于距今约3000万年前的喜马拉雅造山运动，塑造了奇特多样的地质构造和地貌形态。北面有常年覆盖着皑皑白雪的海拔5445米的天山博格达峰，中部有横卧东西绵延100公里的赤热的火焰山，还有火焰山脉中闻名天下的7公里长的葡萄沟，最奇特的是低于海平面154米的盆底艾丁湖，是我国最低的盆地，在世界上也仅次子低于海平面391米的约旦死海，为世界第二低地。吐鲁番盆地集雪山、河谷、沙丘、湖泊为一体，犹如一幅巨型的风景画卷，让人驻足流连。
由于其独特的地理环境，吐鲁番成了中国夏季气温最高的地方，每年6—8月，这里平均气温为35℃一37℃之间，极端最高气温达49.6℃，而地表温度超过70℃，所以人们形容这里“沙窝里能烤熟鸡蛋，石板上能烙熟大饼”。当我们的汽车行驶穿梭在村庄里时，还可以看到这样新奇的现象，即家家户户的床都放在屋外，当地的居民就是这样来度过炎热的夏季的。因此从古到今人们把吐鲁番称为“火洲”也是恰如其分的。不过，尽管这里绝对温度很高，但昼夜温差较大，外加盆地中常刮大风，即使白天酷热难当，一旦太阳下山，夜幕降临， 气温也会逐渐凉爽下来。特别是春秋两季，温差更加明显，早 晚和中午，俨然两个季节，“早穿皮袄午穿纱”是吐鲁番盆地气候特点的真实写照。
吐鲁番干旱少雨，这里全年中几乎有10个月不见雨雪，年平均降水量为16.6毫米，但蒸发量却高达3000毫米。降水的季节，主要集中在夏季。由于雨量小、雨点粗、降水时间极短，因此，人们常以“干燥无雨”来形容吐鲁番盆地的气候。作为降水量一部分的降雪量在吐鲁番盆地更是稀少，市内冬季降雪平均不足2毫米。然而博格达峰的终年积雪却为盆地提供了无尽的水源，当地的人们通过开挖坎尔井，将雪山融水通过地下潜流引向地面，灌溉良田，孕育了生机盎然的沙漠绿洲。
封闭的盆地，稀薄的云量，强烈的太阳辐射，极高的气温，形成了丰富的热量资源。天高云淡的吐鲁番盆地，年日照时数达3000小时以上。丰富的热量资源，为瓜果、棉花等喜温作物提供了理想的生长环境。如驰名中外的吐鲁番葡萄就有20__多年的种植史，品种多达300余个，经检测，吐鲁番葡萄的含糖量高达22%一26%，超过含糖量最高的美国加利福尼亚葡萄(含糖量为20%)，是世界上最甜的葡萄。
游客们，在介绍了吐鲁番的地理概况后，我们再来回顾一下它的历史：
吐鲁番，古称高昌、西州、火州，早在20__多年前的西汉时期，就成了西域地区的政治、经济和文化的中心，是古代丝绸之路上的著名重镇。当地车师人所建的车师前国曾在此称雄一时，两晋时这里是西域都护府所在地，建立了“高昌郡”。麴氏高昌王国灭亡后，唐朝在这里设置了“西州”。宋代漠北 回鹘人大举西迁，又建立了高昌王国。元明两代改设“火州”、“和州”。清设吐鲁番直隶厅。民国2年(公元1913年)设置吐鲁番县。1985年撤县设吐鲁番市。
吐鲁番还是新疆最早对外开放的地区之一。自汉唐以来，对外交流就十分频繁，来往于中原和印度、波斯、地中海沿岸的商人、僧侣、使节络绎不绝，给吐鲁番留下了许多美丽的传说。
游客们，来到吐鲁番，仿佛翻阅了一幅厚重的历史画卷。 这里有饱经战争沧桑的交河故城、高昌故城，还有精美绚丽的柏孜克里克干佛洞壁画，以及被誉为地下博物馆的阿斯塔那古墓群，伊斯兰风格古建筑苏公塔等……它们向人们展示着不同时代的历史风貌。
历史给吐鲁番留下的不仅仅是遗址，还有悠久的文化，这里的民俗风情浓郁多彩，这里的人们热情奔放，能歌善舞。倘若入夜在吐鲁番宾馆葡萄架下一边品尝瓜果，一边欣赏“麦西莱甫”晚会，一定会使您暑气尽消，心旷神怡。
游客们，吐鲁番的概况就向大家介到这里。或许有的游客要说，讲了半天，我还没有把“吐鲁番”三个字的汉语意思表达出来。是的，吐鲁番是突厥语，意为“富庶丰饶的地方”，听了名字的翻译再对照前面的介绍，您是否也有同样的感受呢?但愿吐鲁番这个美丽富饶的地方能给您的旅行增加更多的乐趣。
吐鲁番高昌故城讲解词篇四
各位游客：
新疆的吐鲁番有两座中国现存最完整的古城遗址，1961年被列为首批全国重点文物保护单位，分别是高昌故城和河故城，被称为吐鲁番盆地中一对风格不同的“姐妹城”。它们在经历了几千年的风风雨雨后，如今虽然只留下断壁残垣，然而当年高耸的城墙依然气势恢弘，深陷的护城河轮廓仍历历在目。下面让我们带着访古探胜的心情，先去参观一下高故城吧：
高昌故城的得名→高昌王国的历史
游客们，高昌故城位于吐鲁番以东45公里处的火焰山南麓，即木头沟河的三角洲地段，这座驰名中外的西域古都，曾先后为麴氏高昌王国和回鹘高昌王国的都城，历尽繁华，曾是古丝绸之路的必经之地和重要门户。在前往故城的途中，我先来介绍一下它的得名和历史。
高昌故城，维吾尔语中称为“亦都护城”，也就是“王城”的意思。《北史•高昌传》中称它因“地势高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。
据历史记载，高昌故城始建于公元前1世纪的西汉。当时称为“高昌壁”或“高昌垒”，汉、魏、晋历代都曾在此设立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元320__年，前凉张骏在此设置高昌郡，开创了西域郡县制的先河。高昌建国是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，车师国灭亡，柔然立阐氏伯周为王，称其国为高昌国，从而掀开了高昌王国的序幕。南北朝时期，这里诸王争霸，但国号仍为“高昌”。公元620__年，唐贞观年间，高昌王勾结西突厥截断丝绸之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王国，将高昌改称“西州”。公元9世纪末，由漠北西迁到此的回鹘人建立了回鹘高昌国，仍臣属中原王朝，史称“西州回鹘”或“高昌回鹘”。1220__年，高昌回鹘则顺成吉思汗，称“畏兀儿王国”。1283年，高昌城毁于战火，高昌回鹘王国灭亡，至此，高昌城被废。 纵观高昌故城的历史演变，历经1500多年，其间由盛及衰，演绎了一部西域部族的兴亡史。
高昌故城遗址→高昌的对外交流→高昌文化
游客们，现在我们来到了高昌故城遗址。只见残破的城墙全用黄土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不规则的正方形;分外城、内城、宫城三部分。布局似唐代的长安城。外城呈正方形，周长5.4公里，城墙最高处达11.5米，城基宽12米。内城居于外城正中，周长3600米，现仅存西墙980米，南墙850米。宫城居于外城城北。请看，前方那数座高3米至4米的土台称为“可汗堡”，就是原回鹊高昌的宫廷所在地。这里发掘出的绿色琉璃瓦、纹饰华丽的石柱础和巨幅的奏乐图精美壁画，记录了故都昔日的繁华。据史书记载，鼎盛时期的能城有12个门，市内房屋鳞次栉比，有作坊、市场、庙宇和居民区等建筑，总面积为200万平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，风格与交河故城相似，下挖为院，掏洞为室，不用木料，为吐鲁番一奇。
汉唐以来，高昌是连接中原、中亚、欧洲的枢纽，它既是经贸活动的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的荟萃地。当时波斯等 地的商人，从他们国家带来苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、宝石和骏马来到高昌城，又从这里带走中原的丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和造纸、火药、印刷术。与此同时，世界各地的宗教先后经高昌传入内地。当时的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活跃、最发达的地方。
高昌王国鼎盛时期;还孕育了丰富的高昌文化，成为高昌的珍贵遗产。麴氏高昌王国十任国王都是汉人，因此汉文化对高昌的影响显而易见。但高昌毕竟属于杂胡地带，车师、回鹘、突厥以至后来的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族杂居，因此当地人会数种语言，语种形态丰富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服饰也十分讲究，并擅长制作美食。驰名中外的高昌古乐，更是高昌人的骄傲，它以浓烈的异域风情和丰富的艺术语汇在汉唐时流行，被列入唐朝十部大乐之中，成为中西融合的文化瑰宝。可以这样理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文体底蕴，使之成为代表西域历史的典范和标本。
讲经堂遗址→唐僧玄奘与高昌
游客们，高昌故城废弃以后，被开垦为耕地，大部分地面建筑荡然无存，遗址保存较好的除城墙外，还有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就让我们乘着“驴的”前往参观。
各位游客，请看这座大佛寺遗址，占地近1万平方米。仔细观察，这座佛寺的山门、讲经堂、大殿、藏经楼、僧舍等建筑布局，仍历历在目。从建筑特征和残存壁画上的联珠纹图分析，其建筑年代属麴氏高昌中期，约为隋代所建。
说起这座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘还曾到此讲过经。相传公元620__年(唐贞观三年)，玄奘29岁时，为了提高佛学水平，不畏艰险，从长安出发西行，沿丝绸之路到佛国印度游学取经，历时20__年。由于玄类取经起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夹在西域商人中出行，因为没有政府发给的公文，路上还曾受到缉拿。然而玄类在克服了重重困难以后，不仅从印度取得了佛经，而且返回故土，著书立说，纠正了国内僧侣对佛经种.种不正确的解释，成为最具声望的一代高僧。
回国后，玄奘的境遇与出国前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重视，唐高宗李治在为纪念母亲而建的慈恩寺内造了一座大雁塔，专门用来供放玄奘带回来的历7部佛经。玄奘在西行路上，途经伊吾(今哈密)，当高昌王麴文泰得知东土大唐不远万里来了一位求法的高僧时，便派人把玄类请来，专门安排在王宫内居住，与玄奘结为兄弟。他还苦口婆心地劝说玄奘留在高昌当“国师”，但不能动摇玄类西行探求真经的坚志大愿。高昌王无奈，只好请玄类讲经一月后再走。
临行前，高昌王为玄奘写了24封致西域各国的通行文书，还赠送了马匹和25名仆役。出发那天，全城夹道相送，高昌王鞠义泰抱住大师失声励哭，亲自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜别。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事为我们留下了一段舌古佳话，以致吴承恩的神话小说《西游记》中就有以火焰山等为场景而衍化出的美丽传奇。
各位游客，高昌故城的参观即将结束了。望着这屡经岁月剥蚀的故城，在领略它的古老、苍茫和凝重之余，您还将作何观感呢?“曾经的辉煌将永远让人铭记”，或许这就是历史给我们的启迪吧!
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