人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退，写作可以弥补记忆的不足，将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来，也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文书写有哪些要求呢？我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢？下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文，希望能够帮助到大家，我们一起来看一看吧。
北外口译翻译技巧资料书篇一
王 瑛
英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。
一、翻译技巧一
一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。
(一)重点分析句子结构
其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和
一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: be句型: 主语 + be + 表语
miss jones is a manager.琼斯小姐是位经理。
do句型: 主语 + do +(宾语)+(状语)he teaches english in this school.他在这所学校教英语。
be句型: there be + 主语 + 状语
there are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美丽的野花。
(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构
英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:
anyone who is interested in it can go with us.对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) the problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) you could have done better if you had been more careful.要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) hardly had i said that when she entered the room.我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语i之前) it was not until last night that i noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: it was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) the books were either works on travel or detective novels.这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either„ or„连接两个表语)(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法
英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。例如:
they came up with a cure for the disease at last.他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法(短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)
the news got around by word of mouth.这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)
it’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)
i’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”)
punishment had very little effect on him.惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对„起作用”)
(四)熟练掌握过渡连接词
过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型
表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore „
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence „
表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact „
表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing„for another, to begin with, then, last „
表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely „ 表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole „
例如:
the railroad connects two cities, namely, new york and chicago.这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。(表示解释) she was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折) he said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) he was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示结果)他病了, 所以未能来。
二、翻译技巧二
每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:
（一）直译法：
一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:
o all roads lead to roma.条条大路通罗马。
o the soldier was as brave as a lion.那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。
o my brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。
o it is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。
（二）意译法: 为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如: he is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法-a dog’s life转换词义）
he behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。(省略法–behaved 一词不译出) he is a stranger to the company’s business.他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) all preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗.(重复法-each country重复使用“各国”)
北外口译翻译技巧资料书篇二
1． australia is a land of exceptional is the world's smallest continent and largest island, and a relatively young nation established in an ancient land.a series of geological and historical accidents has made australia one of the world's most attractive counties from the tourist's country has a land area of 7,686, 850 square kilometers and its coastline is 36,735 kilometers.// the vast movements of the earth's crust created a vast land of australia, isolated it and positioned it across the tropical and temperate climatic land has a small population, which left enormous areas you witness an astonishing variety of environments, from desert to rain forest, tropical beach to white snowfield, from big, sophisticated cities to vast uninhabited areas.//
澳大利亚是一个异常美丽的国家。这是世界最小的洲，也是最大的岛，是在古老的土地上建立起来的较为年轻的国家。地质史上，这块土地的地貌形态发生了一系列变化，澳大利亚在旅游者眼中成了世界上最吸引人的国家之一。这个国家的陆地面积为7686850平方公里，海岸线长达36735公里。//地壳的剧烈运动使澳大利亚成了幅员辽阔，与大陆分离，地处温、热带地区的国家。由于澳大利亚可以观赏到各种地形风貌，从沙漠到热带雨林，从地处热带的海滩到白雪皑皑的田野，从扑朔迷离的大都市到人迹罕到的旷野，景观各异，令人叹为观止。//
is always a pleasure to be among the best and the brightest in an atmosphere of university setting is the best incubator that exists for the inception and sharing of agenda you’ve set forth here for the next two-and-a-half days is one that goes to the heart of what is exciting and important to business and industry today.i’ve been asked to share my thoughts with you today about moving from ―me‖ thinking to ―we‖ view is simple: inspaniduals add;team players multiply.// tsinghua undergrads are fortunate in that more and more your university is encouraging teamwork in your case work, stimulating the transition from ―me‖ to ―we‖.at wilson, we, too, are making great strides in breaking down the psychological and organizational barriers that result from ―me‖ though we have more yet to do, we have been reaping exciting rewards by effectively using work teams to reengineer processes to gain improvements in costs, quality and response times.//
在学术气氛中置身于最优秀、最聪明的人士中间总是一件令人愉快的事。大学是思想涌现和交流的孵化器。你们所制定的两天半的议程将探讨的问题对今天工商业界来说是一些既令人兴奋又有重要意义的核心问题。今天我应邀向各位交流一下我对由―我‖思维转为―我们‖思维的看法。我的观点很简单，我认为个人做的是加法，而集体做的是乘法。//清华大学的学生很幸运，因为贵校越来越提倡学生在案例学习中开展集体活动，促使―我‖思维模式向―我们‖思维模式的转变。我们威尔逊公司也正在努力打破那些由―我‖思维带来的心理障碍和组织障碍。虽然我们还有许多事要做，但是由于我们在调整营运过程中有效地发挥了团队的作用，我们已经在降低生产成本、提高产品质量、缩短反应时间等方 面收到了令人鼓舞的成效。/ is one of the world’s great centers for classical and popular has enjoyed a reputation for superb theater since the time of shakespeare in the 16th variety ranges from the majestic royal national theatre to the lavish royal opera sheer number of symphony orchestras is impressive and includes the london symphony orchestra, the royal philharmonic orchestra and the english chamber orchestra.// some of the most well-known concert halls in the world, such as the royal festival hall, provide favorable venues for the cornucopia of performances in itself is a living museum, with more than 2,000 years of history and it also boasts one of the greatest concentrations of significant museums(more than 100)of any city in the jewel in this cultural crown is the british museum, with 4 kilometers of galleries and more than 4 million exhibits.// 伦敦是世界上古典文化和通俗文化的大中心之一。自16世纪莎士比亚时代起伦敦一直享有拥有一流剧院的美誉，如宏伟的皇家国家剧院和豪华的皇家歌剧院。伦敦拥有数量众多的交响乐园，如伦敦交响乐团、皇家爱乐乐团和英格兰室内乐园。//伦敦有一些世界上最负盛名的音乐厅，如皇家节日厅，为伦敦各类音乐演出提供了良好的场所。虽然有着2000年历史和文化的伦敦自身就是一座活生生的博物馆，它却集中了一个宠大的博物馆群，数量超过100个，为世界其他城市所少见。大英博物馆镶刻在这顶文化 皇冠上的一颗宝石，拥有 4 公里长的展廊和 400 万余件展品。
ver is predominantly a service the 1960s, employment in finance, insurance, and real-estate-related activities has tripled, that in accommodation and food services has quadrupled, that in health and welfare services has quintupled, and that in services for business has increased ment in primary and secondary industries has declined relative to population.// the majority of vancouver's historic buildings are in the gastown and chinatown sections of the city have undergone considerable change since 1960, when downtown high-rise office buildings and hotels were creek – a decaying industrial area with sawmills, rail yards, and small shops--was transformed into a residential development n, the original heart of the city, was restored in the 1880s style with antique stores and boutiques.//
服务业是温哥华的主要行业。自20世纪60年代以来，金融、保险以及房地产相关行业的从业人员增至3倍，旅馆餐饮服务业的从业人员增至4倍，卫生福利服务业的从业人员增至5倍，商业服务的从业人员增至8倍。第一和第二产业的从业人员的比率下降了。//温哥华的历史建筑大多坐落在盖斯敦和中国城地区。自1960年以来，温哥华的老城区发生了相当大的变化，市中心的摩天办公楼和旅馆拔地而起。法尔斯河这个锯木厂、铁路调车场、小店铺充斥其间的日渐衰败的工业区，已被改造为住宅发展区。旧城的市中心盖斯敦 区已重新恢复了 1880 年代的风格，古玩店和时装礼品店四处可见。
plunging water has worn away the lower rocks so that there are caves behind the sheets of water of both eers may enter the cave of the winds at the foot of the american falls and get an unusual canadian falls has carved a plunge basin 59 meters the united states and canadian governments have built parks, viewing platforms, paths, and highways.// the niagara reservation state park was established in 1885 and is new york's oldest state includes an observation tower, elevators that descend into the gorge at the base of the american falls, and boat trips into the waters at the base of the horseshoe night colored lights illuminate the falls and create a charming spectacle which viewers find hard to turn away park area has long been a tourist site and a favorite spot for couples to spend their honeymoons.//
飞泻直下的河水冲蚀着下面的岩石，久而久之，两大瀑布的水帘之后便出现了洞穴。游客可以进入位于美国瀑布谷底旁的―风穴‖，观赏穴内奇景，可一饱眼福。加拿大瀑布长年累月的冲蚀，在其谷底造就成一个 59 米深的盆池。美加两国政府分别为尼亚加拉瀑布建造了公园、观赏台、步行路径和高速公路。//尼亚加拉保护区州辖公园于 1885年建立，是纽约州年代最久的州辖公园。公园里耸立着一座观察塔，游人乘电梯直下，可来到美国瀑布底部的峡谷地带。游客还可以乘坐游艇驶入马蹄瀑布谷底的水域。夜幕降临后，瀑布在五色斑斓的灯光的照耀下，显得风情万种，妩媚无比，令人流连忘返。多年来，尼亚加拉瀑布公园一直是游人驻足之胜地，鸳侣蜜月之佳所。
zealand is a south pacific country located midway between the equator and the south within the south temperate zone, new zealand has an oceanic climate, without extremes of heat or parts of the country enjoy ample sunshine and rainfall, although the weather is rather s are the reverse of the northern hemisphere, with temperatures generally higher in the north of the country, which experiences sub-tropical warmth in brings extensive snowfalls in the southern alps.// new zealand is an active trading nation, linked to its principal trade partners by regular sea and air country is one of the world’ s largest exporters of wool, and the largest single-country exporter of dairy products(notably butter, cheese and milk powder), lamb and major exports and timber products, fish and horticultural is one of new zealand’s principal trade two countries have experienced increasing exchanges in many areas in recent years, including the frequent exchanges in cultural, educational and public health fields.//
新西兰是一个南太平洋国家，位于赤道和南极洲之间。新西兰地处南温带，属海洋性气候，没有严冬和酷署。尽管气候变化较大，但全国大部分地区阳光充足，雨量充沛。新西兰的季节与北半球相反，北部的气温一般较高，夏季有着亚热带地区的温暖。冬季到来时，南阿尔卑斯山脉为大雪所覆盖。//新西兰是一个活跃的贸易国，通过定期海上和空中运输服务与主要的贸易伙伴保持联系。新西兰是世界上最大的羊毛出口国之一，也是单个出口乳制品（尤其是黄油、奶酪和奶粉）、羊羔内和羊肉最多的国家。其他主要出口产品有木材、木器、水产和园艺品。中国新 西兰的主要贸易伙伴国之一，两国在许多领域里的交往，包括文化、教育和卫生方面的交流，近年来有增无减。/
sydney opera house is the mother and father of all modern landmark gh its architect was forced to resign and it was never properly finished inside, the opera house has come to define not only a city, but also an entire nation and sydney opera house was meant to look like a giant sailing you may bring whatever interpretation you would to it.// since its opening in 1973, the sydney opera house has been host to many of the most memorable, world-class artistic r, as time goes by, modifications are required to meet the needs and technology of the day, without, of course, losing its architectural new south whales government has agreed to provide $69.3 million for several projects to improve the facilities and environment for performing arts companies, patrons and visitors.//
悉尼歌剧院是现代社会所有划时代建筑物的先驱。虽然歌剧院的设计师被迫辞职，虽然歌剧院的内装潢从未圆满竣工，但是这件作品已不仅仅是一座城市的标志，而且也是一个国家和一个洲的象征。虽然悉尼歌剧院的原创形象是一艘巨大的航船，但是你可以按自己的理解作出解释。//自1973年剧院落成营业以来，已上演了许多场最令人难忘、世界级水平的艺术表演。然而，随着时间的流逝，这座剧院需要修整以满足时代发展的需要和技术进步的要求。当然，任何修整都不能以牺牲建筑整体特色为代价。澳大利亚新南威尔士州政府已决定斥资6930万美元，推出了几个旨在改进剧院设施和环境的工程项目，为表演艺术公司提供更好的演出条件，为观众和参观者营造更好的观摩环境。
ional chinese medicine says that good health is associated with the balance of qi--an energy force that flows through the can be hindered or helped by yin and yang--opposing forces that, when balanced, work harmoniously ing to traditional theory, the goal of acupuncture is to promote the flow of qi by keeping yin and yang in balance--and this is done by inserting needles at various points along primary channels and meridians that crisscross the body.// acupuncture is widely employed in easing cravings and withdrawal pains of heroin addicts.40% of the drug courts in the united states use acupuncture as part of their the miami system alone there are close to four hundred treatments per some countries, such as sweden, the doctors have achieved success with acupuncture in treating the effects of stroke patients getting acupuncture along with physical therapy did a lot better than those getting physical therapy alone.//
中国传统医学认为，健康的体魄与气脉平衡有关。所谓―气‖就是流动于体内的能量，其通畅与否由阴阳二气决定，当这两种相对立的气脉趋于平衡时，它们在一起就十分和谐。根据传统理论，针刺疗法的目的就在于使阴阳二气平衡从而加羁气脉的流动。其方法是将针刺入体内交错的主要脉络上的各穴位。//针刺疗法被广泛用于缓解海洛因吸毒者的吸毒欲望以及戒毒带来的痛苦。在美国，40％的戒毒所将针刺疗法用作治疗的组成部分。仅仅在迈阿密地区，每天就有近400项治疗使用针刺疗法。在有些国家，如瑞典，医生用针刺疗法成功地治疗了中风。那些同时接受针疗和理疗的中风病人与仅接受理疗的中风病人相比，前者的疗效远比后者好得多。//
'll find restaurants for every situation in the united you're in a hurry, you may just want to grab some “junk food” at a grocery store, or you can get a bite to eat at one of the many fast food chains, like mcdonald's, burger king, kentucky fried chicken, pizza hut, or taco you can get a hero or submarine sandwich “to stay” or “to go” from a sandwich shop or deli.// some of these places have tables, but many don' eat in their cars or take their food home, to their offices or to you prefer sitting down but still don't want to spend much, you can try a all of these places, you pick and choose your own food and then pay at a cash register, but you usually have to clear the table when you finish!//
在美国，你可以找到任何一种餐馆。你若来去匆匆，可以去食品店随手买些―方便食品‖，也可以从麦当劳、汉堡王、肯德基炸鸡店、―必胜客‖比萨饼屋，或玉米卷这些快餐连锁店中挑上一家，买些食物权且充饥。你还可以上三明治店或熟食店买一块―英雄‖型或―潜水艇‖型的大三明治，你可以―堂吃‖，也可以―外卖‖。//这类快餐店有的甚至连餐桌都没有，人们买了一份快餐后，有的拿到自己的车里去吃，有的拿回自己的家里去吃，也有的拿到办公室或公园里去吃。如果你既想坐在餐桌边上吃，同时又不愿多破费，那么你可以去自助餐厅。在那里，你可以先挑选自己喜欢的食物，然后到账台付钱。不过通常用完餐后，你得把自己的餐盘从餐桌上端走。
economist john maynard keynes argued that market behavior could not be rational, or subject to improvement, since our existing knowledge did not provide a sufficient basis for a calculated mathematical expectation of investment returns.i think this observation is particularly true when the object of speculation involves the application of a new technology, such as the internet.// modern financial theory attempts to surmount the problem of an unknowable future by suggesting that returns can be predicted by measuring the past volatility of share prices--shares that exhibit higher volatility are expected to yield greater this assumes the future will be a continuation of the past--like steering a car by looking in the rear-view ors therefore remain heavily dependent on their feelings of “greed” and “fear‖ , that drive markets remain constant throughout the ages.//
经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯曾经说过，市场的行为不可能是理性的，也不可能改进，因为我们现有的知识不能为经过精确计算而得出的投资收益预期提供充分的依据。我认为在投机对象涉及到新技术的使用时，例如因特网的使用，凯恩斯的这种看法尤为正确。//现代金融理论试图解决未来不可预测的问题。按照现代金融理论，投资收益可以通过对股价以往的波动幅度来预测，也就是说，股价波动较大的股票可望带来较大的回报。但是这种理论是以未来是过去的延续为前提的，如同看着后视镜驾驶汽车一样。所以投资者仍然在 很大程度上凭着自己的情感操作。在任何年代，推动市场的―贪心‖和―担心‖这两种心情 总是永恒不变的。
psychology of the market is one that includes both the psychology of investing and the psychology of are the compulsive attractions of gambling in the undulating moods of the stock market, alternating between its bull phase of energy greediness and grandiosity, and the bear phase of timidity, anxiety, indecisiveness and self-doubt, reflect the manic behavior of the gambling ation differs from most gambling activities in that the beliefs of the participants affect the certain circumstances speculators are capable of creating self-fulfilling prophecies.// success in speculation is ultimately dependent on finding someone else to buy your shares at a higher price than you paid for him or speculative bubble resembles a chain letter in that profits are provided by late entrants to the ne is attempting to anticipate the immediate intentions of his such circumstances, paying attention to shifts in market psychology becomes essential.//
市场的心态表现出投机与赌博兼而有之的两重性。市场有难以抗拒的赌博诱惑。股市的情绪在牛市和熊市之间交替波动，牛市充满了高涨的贪婪情绪，熊市则弥漫着胆怯、焦虑、犹豫不决和自我怀疑的情绪。股市心态的这种波动折射出赌徒的躁狂行为。投机活动与大多数赌博活动的不同之处在于，投机参与者的信念会影响投机结果。在某些情况下，投机者能够创造出自我实现的预言。//投机的成功归根到底取决于别人能否以比你买入时更高的价格买下你手中的股票。每个投机泡沫就好比一封连锁信，利润是由后来入市者提供的。每一个人都在预测竞争对手下_步的意图。在这种情况下，对市场心理变化的关注是至关重要的。
utility of the united nations to the united states as an instrument of foreign policy can too easily be the years since its founding in 1945, the united nations has been more or less a servant of american most spectacular examples were the official un authorization and sponsorship of intervention in the ―troubled spots‖ of the world with an international peacekeeping er this fact: the united states provides an average quarter of the un budget.// many americans feel the united nations does not give good value for the any evaluation of the united nations must take into account the purpose for which the united states sought to create it: power without many cases, a victory of the united nations is a victory of the united recent years, however, with the growing position of china and some other countries in international diplomacy, the united states can no longer control un decisions as it did the united nations will continue to function as a useful instrument of american foreign policy.//
美国利用联合国作为其外交政策的工具很容易被低估。联合国自1945年成立以来，或多或少地成了美国利益的服务工具。最典型的事例是，在联合国正式授权和操办下，国际维和部队可以对世界上的―麻烦‖地区进行干预。你得考虑这样一个事实，美国给联合国提供的经费占了联合国总预算的1／4。//许多美国人认为，联合国没有对这种投资予以良好的回报。但是，对联合国的任何评价都必须考虑到美国所追求的目的，即不使用外交手段的力量。很多事例表明，联合国的胜利就是美国的胜利。然而，由于中国以及其他一些国家近年来国际外交地位的提高，美国再也无法像以前那样控制联合国的决策。当然，联合国作为美国外交政策的有效工具，将继续发挥这样的作用。//
must recognize that the world today is spanerse, manifold, colorful and rich in terms of should be an asset rather than a debt of permeates all aspects of human rights, whether civil, political, economic, social or world would be a much better place to live in if we respected cultural spanersity, practiced tolerance and lived together in peace with one another as good neighbors.// it is essential to transcend the differences in social system and ideology in handling state-to-state relations, and work to seek convergence of common interests, rather than model the world after one political system or development hope that the united nations will truly become a center for harmonizing actions of call for stronger efforts by the united nations to harmonize cultures through dialogues and consultation, as well as to resist any attempt to build a mono-cultural world by means of political pressure and coercion.//
我们必须认识到，当今世界的文化纷然杂陈、丰富多彩。这是人类的财富，绝非负担。这一特征反映在人权的各个方面，如民权、政治权、经济权、社会权和文化权。如果我们尊重文化的多样性，宽容忍让，和睦相处，这个世界会变得更美好。//处理国与国的关系应超越社会制度和意识形态的差异，努力寻求共同利益的汇合点，不能用一种政治制度和发展模式去规范世界。我们希望联合国成为国际协调中心。我们要求联合国发挥更强有力的作用，以对话和协商的方式协调文化关系，抵剖任何企图以施加政治压力的手段来建立一个单一文化世界的行为。
country has been a member of the organization for economic cooperation and development for almost 30 economic issues are among the core elements of post-cold war international relations and like other countries, we give priority attention to these increasing dependence on international trade and the effects of world economic conditions on our domestic economy have led to a sharpened focus on international trade issues in the pursuit of our foreign policy.// our economic and political future is linked closely with those of its asian and other pacific trade, investment and technology transfer, in the form of joint ventures with such countries, continue to h regular, reciprocal, high-level exchanges of visits, our close contact with their governments continues, particularly with the government of the people's republic of take the view that peace and prosperity in the asia-pacific region depend on the ability of the region's countries to cooperate to maintain economic growth and political are keen to ensure the stability and security of this region and to develop mutually profitable trade, investment, technological exchanges and cooperation.近30年来我国一直是经济合作与发展组织的成员。全球经济问题在冷战后的国际关系中处于中心位置，我们同其他国家一样对这些问题给予优先考虑。由于我国对国际贸易的依赖越来越大，由于世界经济对我国经济的影响，我们在奉行外交政策的同时更为关注国际贸易问题。//我国政治和经济前途与亚洲以及其他太平洋邻国的政治和经济前途休戚相关。通过与这些国家建立合资企业，我国的贸易、投资和技术转让继续得到增长。经常性的高层次互访使我们同这些国家的政府，特别是同中华人民共和国政府，继续保持密切的接触。我们认为，亚太地区的和平与繁荣取决于该地区各国能否进行合作以保持经济增长和政治稳定。我们迫切希望保障亚太地区的稳定和安全，发展互惠互利的贸易、投资和技术交流与合作。
15round-the-clock timetable is changing our way of 21st century office never leaves bring our wireless cell phones and notebook computers when are people who bring their cell phones into concert halls and them, missing an important business message is not a miss that is round-the-clock hyperspeed ”internet time“ won't give us quiet time for resting and increasing number of business executives have taken to bragging about how much sleep they them, the ultimate status symbol is the power to live by nature's clock rather than the net's clock.// of course, there is no going back to the agrarian past.i think the right attitude is to go with the tide of the times and live as a master of our time without submitting to a kind of 21st century will learn to arrange our lives according to our nature's clock within the framework of the 24-hour timetable of the net, rather than chasing after the net's sun that never sets, for such an act is, undoubtedly, not only a sign of incompetence but also an act of burning the candle at both ends.//
二.十四小时的全天候时间表在改变着我们的生活方式。21世纪的办公地点无处不在。我们外出度假时会随身携带无线手机或手提电脑。有些人甚至把手机带入音乐厅和会议厅，因为在他们看来，错过一个重要的商业信息是不可弥补的过失。二十四小时的超高速的―因特网时问‖使我们无法静心休息和思考。越来越多的企业行政主管开始把自己有时间睡觉作为吹牛的资本。对他们来说，地位的最大标志在于有无能力按照自然的生物钟而非网络钟来工作和休息。//当然，从信息时代退回到农耕时代是不可能的。我认为，正确的态度应该是顺应时代的潮流，做时代的主人，而不要做二十一世纪的奴隶。我们要在这个二十四小时的因特网时间表内，学会按照自己的生物钟来安排自己的生活，而不要去追赶那永不落的网络太阳。二十四小时地拼命追赶网络太阳无疑是一种无能的表现，等于两头点蜡烛。//
中到英
1.近代中国经历了一段积贫积弱、任人宰割的历史。落后就要挨打，这是中国人民从屡遭外来侵略的悲惨经历中得出的刻骨铭心的教训。一个国家只有首先自强，才能在世界上自立一百多年来，中国人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标进行了不懈努力。//中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民自力更生、改革开放、与时俱进，在社会主义建设中 取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。当前，中国人民坚定不移地抓住发展这个第一要务，正满怀信 心地为全面建设小康社会、实现现代化而团结奋斗。//
china experienced a period of enduring impoverishment and long-standing debility in its modern history and was for a time at the mercy of other g behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks, which is the never-forgotten lesson the chinese people have learnt from their tragic experience of repeated foreign invasions.a country has to strengthen itself before it can be sure of its place in the over a hundred years, the chinese people have made unremitting efforts toward the goal of rejuvenating the nation.// since the founding of the people’ s republic of china, the chinese people, through self-reliance, have carried out the national program of reform and opening up and, by keeping pace with the times, have made great achievements in building socialism that have caught the attention of the present, the chinese people stay focused on the primary task of development, working together with full confidence to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and striving to achieve modernization.//
2.中方重视美方在贸易不平衡、知识产权保护等问题上的关切，已经并将继续采取积极措施逐步加以解决。中方不追求长期对美贸易顺差，将继续履行入世承诺，进一步向美国产品开放市场。中国政府高度重视并将继续加强知识产权保护工作。我们已经降低了对侵犯知识产权的刑事处罚门槛，已经并将进一步加大执法力度，开展保护知识产权专项整治行动。//解决中美经贸摩擦等问题需要双方共同采取行动。我们希望美方承认中国完全市场经济地位，取消对华出口商品和技术的限制，纠正贸易保护主义的错误做法。增加对华出口，而 不是限制自华进口，才是解决贸易不平衡的正确途径。//
china pays great attention to ns about trade imbalances, ipr protection and others, and has taken, and will continue to take, effective steps to address them is not after prolonged surplus in trade with the united states, and will continue to honor its wto commitments by opening its market still wider to chinese government attaches great importance to ipr protection and will step up its measures in this have lowered the threshold for criminal penalties against ipr infringement, intensified law enforcement and launched ipr protection measures will continue to be implemented.// it takes the efforts of both china and the united states to address their economic and trade hope that the united states will recognize china’ s full market economy status, lift restrictions on commodity and technology exports to china and correct the wrong practices of trade sing exports to china, instead of restricting imports from china, is the right course of action to solve trade imbalances.//
3.泰山的每个季节都有独特的魅力。春天，绿茵茵的山坡上，争奇斗妍的花朵到处可见。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪称奇观。秋天，枫树叶漫山遍野，蔚蓝色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪盖群峰松披霜，景观素雅悲壮，别有一番情趣。喜逢艳阳日，极目远眺，重峦叠嶂，尽收眼帘。//但遇天阴时，环顾四周，苍茫大地，尽入云海。泰山的日出与日落，闻名遐尔。壮观的 自然风景以及不可计数的历史名胜，激发了古代文人墨客，为之舞文弄墨，创作了无数经典 佳作。泰山历来是画家骚客所钟情的聚集地。//
each season here has its beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the green slopes in spring, spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely seen elsewhere, blue rivers running across the mountains overlaid with red maple leaves in fall, and snow-capped mountains and frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet solemn spectacle of particular a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another.// when the sky is overcast, the horizon disappears into a sea of tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and landscape and numerous historical sites have inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.//
4.20国集团会议机制，涵盖了世界最主要的发达国家、发展中国家和转轨国家，成员国人口占世界总人口的2/3，国内生产总值占世界国内生产总值的90%以上，对外贸易额占世界贸易额的80%，是一个具有广泛代表性的重要国际经济论坛。//在当前国际形势下，20国集团各成员应该在平等互利、求同存异、灵活务实的基础上开展对话，加强同其他国际和区域经济机构的交流合作，以增进互信、扩大共识、协调行动，在健全国际经济贸易体制和规则、完善国际经济金融体系、加强南北对话和合作、促进全球 减贫和发展等方面，发挥更大、更积极的实质性作用。//
the g20 mechanism has included in its members the primary players of both developed and developing countries as well as those in ed by population size, they account for two thirds of the world total;by gdp, over 90 percent, and by foreign trade, 80 this has made it a widely representative and influential international economic forum.// in light of the current international context, g20 members must engage in flexible and pragmatic dialogues on the basis of equality and mutual benefits, seeking common ground while shelving ile, they must also increases exchanges and cooperation with other regional and international economic institutions to build trust, expand consensus and coordinate this will give them bigger and more active roles that can have a real impact on ameliorating the international trading systems and rules, improving the international economic and financial structures, enhancing north-south dialogue and cooperation and facilitating global efforts in poverty reduction and development.//
5.中国是一个有着 5000 多年悠久历史的文明古国。长期以来，中国人民以自己的勤劳智
慧创造了灿烂的中华文明，为人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。北京就是一座有 3000多年悠久历史的文明古城，800多年前北京开始建都。//离今晚会场人民大会堂不远的地方，就是举世闻名的故宫。故宫始建于600年前，是世界上现存最大最完整的古代宫殿建筑群。从历史悠久的北京和建筑精美的故宫这些缩影中，人们就能够生动地感受到中华文明源远流长、博大精深的深厚底蕴，感受到中华民族自强不 息、顽强奋进的壮阔历程。//
china is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5,000 chinese people have made major contribution to human progress by creating the splendid chinese civilization with hard work and city of beijing, with its long history of over 3,000 years, stands testimony to that establishment as the capital city began over 800 years ago.// a short distance from the great hall of the people, where we are meeting right now, is the world-renowned imperial built some 600 years ago, it is the largest and most complete existing architectural complex of ancient royal palace in the the time-honored capital and its majestic palace, people can feel vividly the long standing and profound richness of the chinese civilization, and the grand course of historical development that the chinese nation has followed with a dauntless and dashing spirit.//
6.海的字面意思是指―海上之埠‖，简称―沪‖，别称―申‖。上海面积为 6340平方公里，占全国总面积的 0.06%，属冲积平原，地势平坦，平均海拔高度为 4 米，最高点大金山海拔103.4，常住居民达1700万。这是世界上最大的海港城市之一，也是中国最大的工业、商业、金融、航运中心之一。//这里有着世界上最快的陆地交通工具——磁悬浮列车和亚洲最高的高塔——东方明珠塔，它们标志着上海的速度和高度。随着经济改革的日益深化，这座昔日被誉为远东金融、经济和贸易中心的城市正在为促进长江三角洲的经济发展起着龙头作用。与此同时，上海以她独特的风韵吸引着数百万计的海内外游客。作为一座国际大都市，上海的国际航班可直达 世界上 60 多座城市。//
shanghai is literally named as ―a port on the sea‖.for historical reasons, this city has acquired two additional names for short, ―hu‖ and ―shen‖.shanghai occupies a soil deposit plain land of 6,340 altitude of 4 meters above sea level, the 103.4 meter dajinshan being the summit of this 17 million people register as the city’s permanent ai is one of the world’s largest seaports and among china’s biggest industrial, commercial, financial and shipping centers.// here you will see the world’s fastest means of land transportation, the maglev train, and the tallest tower in asia, the oriental pearl tower, marking metaphorically the speed and height of its deepening economic reform, this city, formerly crowned as the financial, economic and trade hub of the far east, is playing a leading role in boosting economic development in the yangtze river ile, shanghai has attracted millions of chinese and overseas tourists with its unique an international metropolis, shanghai provides direct flights to more than 60 cities in the world.//
7.北京观光客自然都会游览故宫和长城，这是因为故宫和长城是举世闻名的旅游景点。而
今天我却想向各位推荐北京第三大旅游场所，北京世界公园。北京世界公园于 90年代初在北京兴建，是北京的最新旅游景点。这里游客那种―一日游尽天下景‖的梦想便可成真。//北京世界公园是规模雄踞亚洲同类公园之冠，所收微缩复制品的数量也堪称亚洲之最。世界七大奇观以及50个国家的约100处历史名胜和自然景观均以微缩模型展出。占地面积46.7公顷的世界公园分为17处风景区，收集了亚洲、非洲、欧洲、南北美洲以及大洋洲的 主要名胜景点。//
while the palace museum and the great wall, the two world-famous scenic spots, are known to all a must tourist destination for people visiting beijing, today, i’ d like to introduce to you the beijing world park, the third major tourist site in ted in the early 1990s, the beijing world park boasts the newest spot in beijing, and here the visitors may realize their dream of ―touring around the world in a day.‖// the beijing world park is the largest park of its kind, with mini replicas on the largest scale in seven wonders of the world and some 100 famous historical and natural sights from 50 countries are on display in 46.7-hectare world park features 17 scenic areas staging all the major tourist sites of asia, africa, europe, americas and oceania.//
8.中国是个多宗教的国家。主要宗教有佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教。佛教在
中国已有 2000 多年的历史。现在中国有佛教寺院 1.3 万余座，出家僧尼约 20 万人。道教发 源于中国，已有 1700 多年历史。中国现有道教宫观 1500 余座，乾道、坤道 2.5 万余人。伊 斯兰教于公元 7 世纪传入中国。// 回族、维吾尔族等 10 个少数民族中的群众信仰伊斯兰教。这些少数民族总人口约 1800 万，现有清真寺 3 万余座，伊玛目、阿訇 4 万余人。天主教自公元 7 世纪起传入中国。中国 现有天主教徒约 400 万人，教职人员约 4000 人，教堂、会所 4600 余座。基督教于公元 19 世纪初传入中国。中国现有基督徒约 1000 万人，教牧传道人员 1.8 万余人，教堂、会所 1.2 万余座。//
china is a country with a great spanersity of religious main religions are buddhism, taoism, islam, catholicism and sm enjoys a history of 2,000 years in tly china has 13,000-some buddhist temples and about 200,000 buddhist monks and , native to china, has a history of more than 1,700 now has over 1,500 taoist temples and more than 25,000 taoist priests and was introduced into china in the seventh century.// in china there are ten minorities, including the hui and uygur, with a total population of 18 million, whose faith is 30,000-odd mosques are served by 40,000 imams and icism was introduced into china in the 7th present, china has four million catholics, 4,000 priests and more than 4,600 churches and meeting tantism was first brought to china in the early 19th re are about 10 million protestants, more than 18,000 clergy, more than 12,000 churches and meeting houses throughout china.//
9.素有―江南第一学府‖之美誉的复旦大学已经成为一个包容文、理、工、医等学科的综 合性大学。一个世纪以来，一代又一代的复旦人秉承―爱国、奉献、求实、创新‖的 精神，以丰富的想像力、活跃的创造力和卓有成效的实践，在中国高等教育发展史上留下了深深的足迹。//同时，为人类的文明和社会的进步，为民族的振兴和国家的强盛，为上海的经济发展和文化繁荣作出了重要的贡献。当前，复旦大学正在大力推进学科建设和教学改革，提高办学质量和效益，全面提升复旦学术研究的知名度和影响力。//
fudan university, renowned without fail as the best university south of the yangtze river, has become a comprehensive university with a complete range of disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and the past one hundred years, the spirit of ”patriotism, dedication, truth-seeking and innovation“ has guided the fudan people generation after its rich imagination, active creativity and effectual practice, fudan has set up milestones in the history of china's higher education.// and it has contributed profusely to the progress of humanity and society, to the rejuvenation and prosperity of our nation, as well as to the economic and cultural prosperity of tly, fudan university is working hard in the hope of spurring discipline-construction and education reform, and improving education quality and efficiency, and elevating fudan's academic influence and visibility in all dimensions.//
10.上海博物馆新馆建筑总面积38000平方米，由地下两层、地上5层构成，建筑高度29．5米。这座壮观的新馆将方体基座和巨型圆顶及4个拱形出挑结合起来，象征着传统文 化与时代精神的完美融合。从高处俯瞰，上海博物馆的玻璃圆顶犹如一面硕大的汉代铜镜。从远处眺望，新馆建筑犹如一尊青铜古鼎，默默承载着 5 000 年历史和文明的重荷。// 上海博物馆南面大门的两侧，耸立着 8 尊汉白玉雕塑。这是从 300 多件汉、唐雕塑文物 中遴选出 8 件作品加以仿制放大，每件高近3 米，重约 20 吨，极具庄严雄浑之气。传统文 化与现代风格的完美结合，在室内装饰上也得以充分体现。//
the new site of the shanghai museum has a construction space of 38,000 square meters with two floors underground and five floors above the ground with a height of 29.5 grand new building, structured with a square base and a circular top with four arch-shaped handles erected on it, symbolizes the perfect fusion of china's traditional culture and the spirit of modern viewed from above, the circular top with a glass dome in the center looks like a huge bronze mirror of the han viewed at a distance, the whole building resembles an ancient bronze ding tripod, shouldering in silence the heavy weight of the five-thousand-year chinese history and civilization.// the southern entrance of the shanghai museum is flanked by eight dignified mighty animals in white-marble sculpture, each with a height of close to three meters and a weight of about twenty eight sculptures were modeled and magnified after the prototypes carefully selected from over 300 stone and bronze sculpture relics of the han, northern and southern, sui and tang dynasties collected in the museum's perfect combination of traditional culture and modern architectural style is also fully captured by the interior decoration of the museum.//
11.欧洲是交响乐之乡，也是歌剧之乡，是许多杰出作曲家的摇篮。中国也有歌剧，那就是京剧。京剧起源于200年前清朝时期的北京。京剧是一种集歌剧表演、歌唱、音乐、舞蹈和武术于一体的表演艺术。我们的服装展览会将展示这个―东方歌剧‖历时200年的发展史，以及源自清朝后期的舞台服饰。//服饰设计采用了夸张性和象征性的手法，色彩明亮鲜艳，用料独特，裁剪别致。另一场展览将展出600套服饰，其中有秦汉以来不同朝代的古装，有我国少数民族服装，也有现代服饰。我国的名模将登台表演，展示我国服装业和服装设计师的成就。//
europe is the home to symphonic music and also home to has been a cradle of many brilliant music has opera, 's peking opera, which originated from beijing some 200 years ago during the qing 's a performing art that embraces opera performance, singing, music, dancing and martial costume exposition will present 200 years of development of this ”oriental opera“ and the performance costumes dating to the late qing dynasty.// the costume design adopted exaggeration and symbolic means and bright materials are unique, so are the tailoring r exhibition will display a total of 600 sets of clothes, including the ancient clothes of different dynasties from the qin and han, the costumes of china's ethnic groups, and modern garments and models from china will participate to present the achievements of the chinese garment industry and chinese designers.// 12.中国人民自古以来的哲学思想就是―和为贵‖、―和而不同‖，我们历来主张中美两国文明虽有不同，却不相斥；虽有差异，却能交融。作为世界上有重要影响的大国，中美应该相互尊重、相互学习、求同存异、取长补短，为不同国家、不同文明之间和谐共存、进行建设性合作树立榜样，为实现人类的共同发展作出贡献。去年8月，美国波士顿斯诺敦公立高中的9名学生来到中国，到河北和北京与中国学生开展了为期半个月的―美中城市学生看中国‖活动。//活动中，两国学生克服语言和文化障碍，超越习俗和偏见，通过沟通和互动，结下了深厚的友谊。美国学生学会了唱中国歌曲《茉莉花》、画中国山水画。―我们喜欢中国!‖是他们由衷的心声。中国学生练就了标准的美式发音，还学会了跳美国街舞。依依惜别之时，两 国学生彼此承诺：努力学习，健康成长，未来再相会。//
since ancient times, china's prevailing philosophy has been one that preaches ”peace is most precious“ and ”harmony without uniformity.“ we always believe that though the chinese and zations are different, they can easily get along with each other instead of repelling each major countries of global influence, china and the united states should respect and learn from each other, seek common ground while shelving differences, and complement each other with respective so doing, we can set a good example for different countries and civilizations to live side by side harmoniously and engage in constructive cooperation, making a contribution to the common development of august, nine ts from snowden national school in boston joined chinese students in hebei and beijing in a 15-day program entitled ― chinese city students view china.‖// during the program, the students overcame language and cultural barriers, rose above perhaps one-sided views, and forged deep friendship through communication and ts learnt to sing the chinese song ―jasmine‖ and paint landscape with chinese brushes.―we like china.‖ these are words from the bottom of their chinese students learnt quite standard american english pronunciation and the american it came to the time of parting, the students promised to each other that they would study hard, keep fit and meet again in the future.//
13.中国人认为，太极是天地万物之根源。太极分为阴阳二气，阴阳二气产生木、火、土、金、水这五行。五行代表或作用于人体器官，即火对心，木对肝，土对脾胃，金对肺，水对。肾。阴阳化合而生万物，太极则代表了阴阳调和。//长期以来，世界只知道中国有指南针、火药、造纸和活字印刷四大发明。几乎很少有人知道中国已发现了经络的存在。经络是指人体内血气运行通路的主干与分支网络，针刺穴位 散布其间。北京经络研究中心通过现代科学方法，已经证实了经络的存在。经络的发现无疑 是为《易经》和《黄帝内经》的理论提供了强有力的佐证。
we chinese believe that taiji is the origin of all lives on comprises yin and yang, two types of vital five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water derive from yin and five elements correspond to, or affect, particular human is, the element of the fire corresponds to the heart, the wood to the liver, the earth to the spleen and the stomach, the metal to the lung and the water to the combination of yin and yang gives birth to all lives on represents the harmonious state of balance between yin and yang.// for a long time, the rest of the world was only aware of china's four major inventions: the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and movable-type few know about china's discovery of jingluo that exists in a human o is a system of internal main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of energy passages, along which acupuncture points are existence of jingluo has been proved by using modern scientific methods at the beijing jingluo research discovery of the existence of jingluo provides a strong support for the theories advanced in the book of changes and huang di's classic of internal medicine./
14.鲁菜通常较咸，汁色普遍较浅。鲁菜注重选料，精于刀工，善于炊技。作为我国北方菜系的代表，鲁菜烹饪技术广泛用于明清两代的宫廷菜。川菜选料范围大，调味及炊技变化多样。据统计，川菜的品种在五千种以上。川菜最大的特点是口味重，以麻辣著称。//最难归类的粤菜强调轻炒浅煮，选料似乎不受限制。粤菜源于明清，在发展过程中不仅吸收借鉴了中国北方烹调和西餐烹调的精华，同时也保持了自己的传统特色。扬州菜以江苏省境内的扬州、南京、苏州等地的地方菜式为基础之大成。扬州菜注重选料的原汁原味，在菜的装饰上讲究形态的艺术性和颜色的鲜艳性，扬州菜实际上糅合了南北菜系之精华。也有人以八个字来归纳这四大菜系的口味特点，即―南淡北咸，东甜西辣‖。//
shandong cuisine is generally salty, with a prevalence of light-colored dishes feature choice of materials, adept technique in slicing and perfect cooking ng cuisine is representative of northern china's cooking and its technique has been widely absorbed by the imperial dishes of the ming(1368-1644)and qing(1644-1911)n cuisine features a wide range of materials, various seasonings and different cooking tics show that the number of sichuan dishes has surpassed 5, a rich variety of strong flavors, sichuan food is famous for its numerous varieties of delicacies, dominated by peppery and chili flavors and best known for being spicy-hot.// cantonese cuisine, the hardest to categorize, emphasizes light cooking with seemingly limitless range of ese cuisine took shape in the ming and qing the process of its development, it has borrowed the culinary essence of northern china and of the western-style food, while maintaining its traditional local ou cuisine bases itself largely on the three local cooking styles of yangzhou, nanjing and suzhou, all within jiangsu emphasizing the original flavors of well-chosen materials, it features carefully selected ingredients, also, the artistic shape and bright colors of the dishes and more ornamental ou cuisine is essentially a combination of the best elements of northern and southern ing to some others, the characteristic flavors of china’ s four major cuisines can be summed up in the following expression: ―the light southern(canton)cuisine, and the salty northern(shangdong)cuisine;the sweet eastern(yangzhou)cuisine, and the spicy western(sichuan)
15.我们应该尊重和维护世界文明的多样性。各国文明的多样性，是人类社会的基本特征，也是推动世界文明进步的重要动力。当今世界拥有60亿人口，200多个国家和地区，2500多个民族，5000多种语言。各个国家和地区，无论是历史传统、宗教信仰和文化背景，还是社会制度、价值观念和发展程度，往往存在这样那样的差异，整个人类文明也因此而交相辉映、多姿多彩。//这种文明的多样性是在历史长河中形成的，并将长期存在下去。中国古代思想家孔子曾说过，―万物并育而不相害，道并行而不相悖‖。我们应该充分尊重各国文明的多样性，而不应人为歧视或贬低他国文明；应该鼓励各种文明在对话交流中相互借鉴、取长补短，而不应相互隔绝和相互排斥；应该倡导各种文明在相互包容、求同存异中共同发展，而不应强求一 律、强加于人。//
we should respect and maintain the spanersity of the world's spanerse civilizations are a hallmark of human society and an important driving force behind human world today has over 6 billion inhabitants living in more than 200 countries and break down into over 2,500 ethnic groups and speak more than 5,000 different it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one is these differences that make our planet dazzling, colorful and bustling with life.// such spanersity is a legacy of history and will stay with us into the ancient chinese thinker confucius once said, ”all living creatures grow together without harming one another;ways run parallel without interfering with one another." instead of harboring bias against or deliberately belittling other civilizations, we should give full respect to the spanersity of d of shutting each other out in mutual exclusion, we should encourage dialog and exchange between civilizations so that they can learn from each other in mutual d of demanding uniformity and imposing one's will on others, we should promote common development of all civilizations in the course of mutual tolerance and seeking agreement while shelving differences.//
北外口译翻译技巧资料书篇三
浅析英译汉翻译中词类转换技巧
【摘要】英语作为一门国际语言和交流工具，随着我国国力的增加，已经在沟通和交流文化及商业中起到了举足轻重的作用。英语翻译中，需要了解两种语言的特点和形式，并利用一些技巧将文章通顺及合理地翻译。文中阐述了英译汉翻译过程中的词类转换技巧，就某些翻译中频频出现的问题结合具体实例进行了较为详尽的分析，这对于英译汉的翻译和英语更深层次的学习有重要意义。
【关键词】翻译原则 英译汉 词性转换
一、翻译原则及词类转换的含义
翻译是在准确，通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为，翻译也是将一种相对陌生的表达方式转换成熟悉的表达方式的过程。翻译的主要标准：1.忠实。要忠实原文所要传达的信息，把原文的信息完整而准确地表达出来。2.通畅。译文规范，明白易懂，没有文理不通，结构混乱，逻辑不清的现象。
词类转换法是指在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行相关的变换，不仅是指词类的转变，而且还包含词类功能的改变和一定词序的变换，英文和中文词类没有完全对应的关系，英语单词有词性变换，中文没有，大学英语中经常出现的词类转换是名词，介词词组，形容词转译为动词。
二、词类转换的技巧分析
英文翻译过程中，不少学生都将自己束缚在原文的语法结构、句型以及字数上，往往会出现“生搬硬套”翻译情况，使得译文的词组运动不当、语序不正确，很难将原文的含义表达出来。这些问题主要表现为译文的上下文连续性不强、没有达到语境要求以及死译等。所以，英文翻译时需要事先比较英文和中文的语言结构和表述习惯。其中，英语以形式为主，而中文则以含义为主。因此，在对这两种语言进行翻译时应根据语言的语言特征和逻辑性，尽量不要频繁对英文进行断句，否则将破坏英文的连贯性，还会降低文章的严谨性。除此之外，针对词类转换中出现的词性或词序变化问题，需要学生明确英文词汇间的关系。例如，英文单词词性的变化大都是通过词缀完成的，例如加前缀或后缀，从而产生不同的词性。而汉语通常都使用动词。对于这些差异，在翻译过程中必须要重视起来。
三、词类转换的类型
1.名词转换为动词。①表示直觉，感情，欲望的心里状态的形容词，如果做表语则在翻译是经常转换为动词，如confident，certain，careful，cautious，angry，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able等。例如：he is grateful for her help.译为：他很感激她的帮助。“grateful”由形容词“感激的”译为动词“感激”。②英语的构词法中，由动词转化来的名词一般有加前缀，后缀的方式。例如，-ment，-tion，-er….这时，由动词派生或者含有动词含义的名词在翻译时需要将名词转换为动词。例如：robots have found application for the exploration of the universe.译为：机器人已经用来探索宇宙。注：如果这里的“application ”和“exploration”转化为动词后，就会使句子语句通顺。
2.名词转换为形容词。在英语中由形容词派生的名词翻译起来需要转化为形容词，否则会使语句不通顺。例如：the new design should offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.译为：新的设计应该使地震频发的城市更为安全。注：这里的offer security由中的“security”翻译时由名词转化为形容词；如果字面意思译为“提供更大安全”，则不够地道，感觉很生硬。
3.形容词转换为副词。在英译汉中，通常将修饰名词的形容词译为副词。例如：you had better give them a quick glance during communication.译为：在沟通时，你最好飞快地瞥一眼他们。注：在原句中名词glance 由形容词quick修饰，需要在译文中转换为副词。
4.副词转换为形容词。在英译汉中，修饰英文动词的副词经常译为形容词。例如：we were most impressed by the fact that those patients were not in good condition.译为：给我们留下深刻印象的是，那些病人的身体状况不太好。
5.介词转换为动词。英语中常用介词表达动词的含义，翻译时需将介词译为动词。例如：while she is working，her feet are on the bench.译为：当她工作时，她的脚放在椅子上。注：这里 on the bench 是介词短语，需要译为“放在椅子上”的动词短语。
四、词类转换的注意事项
词类转换过程中需要注意：首先要尊重原著的意思，不能为了翻译的方便而破坏原文本意；其次要注意翻译词语和语境与文章上下文之间的联系，使读者阅读时能够清楚详尽。此外，在翻译过程中，需要保证翻译的通顺和精确，这是翻译的最基本原则和要求，也是成功翻译的条件。最后一点也是最重要的一点，翻译时需要将文章中的精髓进行一定的加工，使得作品在遵循原文的基础上能够更加贴近文学本身，能够让读者感受到理解文章基本内容的同时有可以学到的新的东西，无论是翻译技巧还是翻译的内容中包含的知识。不仅考验翻译的功底也同时使得翻译有更加有意义更加长远的发展。
五、结论
英文翻译中词性转换是最基本也是最常用的方法，上文结合例句介绍的五类词性转化的方法是英译汉翻译中最常见的五种，掌握这些会有助于翻译的成功。对于大学生甚至是研究生来说，把握词性转化的方法，做到举一反三，在此基础上，有良好的翻译思想做指导，不生搬硬套，注重意义的理解，通过上下文的贯通以及清晰的逻辑关系，会使文章翻译的更加顺畅，更容易理解，加深我们对英语原文的解读。
参考文献：
[1]程兵兵，佘波.从《实用英语》中看英译汉的基本方法和技巧[j].科技视界，2014，12：218-219.
北外口译翻译技巧资料书篇四
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
一、词义的选择和引伸技巧
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
they are as like as two peas.他们相似极了。（形容词）
he likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词）wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。he is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
he is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
he should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
this is the last place where i expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。
the energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
the last stage went higher and took the apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一级火箭升得更高，把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。
3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
二、词类转译技巧
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。the lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译）as he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。
2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。the earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。（动词转译）the doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换）
3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
it is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译）
the sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译）
4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
when he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有 可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译）
三、汉译的增词技巧
英译汉时，按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词，使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容；但是，增加的并不是无中生有，而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词，这是英译汉中常用的 的技巧之一。增词技巧一般分作两种情况。
1、根据意义上或修辞上的需要，可增加下列七类词。flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花满院盛开。（增加表示名词复数的词）
after the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly.在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。（增加动词）he sank down with his face in his hands.他两手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。（增加副词）i had known two great social systems.那是以前，他就经历过两大社会制度。（增加表达时态的词）
as for me ,i didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，从一开始就不赞成。（增加语气助词）the article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets.本文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就。（增加概括词）
2、根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇。
reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确.(增补原文句子中所省略的动词)all bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量。（增补被动句中泛指性的词）
四、正反、反正汉译技巧
正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式，采用变换语气的办法处理词句，把肯定的译成否定的，把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求，且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。
1、肯定译否定
the above facts insist on the following conclusions.上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。
2、否定译肯定
she won’t go away until you promise to help her.她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。
3、双否定译肯定
there can be no sunshine without shadow 有阳光就有阴影。
但是，如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时，则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如he is not unequal to the duty.他并非不称职。
4、正反移位
i don’t think he will come.我认为他不会来了。
5、译为部分否定
not all minerals come from mines.并非所有矿物都来自矿山。
both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是两种物质都溶于水。
五、汉译的重复技巧
重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体；又由于英汉语言结构不同，重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同，大致可分为三种。
1、为了明确
i had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at c and steam at 100c.在常压下，水在摄氏零度时变成冰，在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽。（重复动词）a locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局（重复谓语部分）
2、为了强调
he wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.他在街头游来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。
3、为了生动
while stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of are really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起来只是斑点点，或者是小片的光，但它们确实是巨大的天体。
六、倒译技巧
英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别，因此英译汉时作些调整，颠倒一下顺序，则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧，这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。
1、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。
this university 6 newly _established faculties ,onic computer ,high energy physics ,laser ,geo-physics ,remote sensing, and genetic engineering.这所大学现在有电子计算机、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。（部分倒译）
many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.虽然许多自然规律还没被发现，但是它们确实在自然界中存在。（完全倒译）
2、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时，有时可将被动句倒译成主动句，有时可将状语倒译成主语。
the structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.虽然我们看不见原子结构，但能准确地描述它。（被动句倒译成主动句）table tennis is played all over china.中国到处都打乒乓球。（状语倒译成主语）
3、以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧。能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。
never before have i read such an interesting book.我从来没有读过这样有趣的书。
4、带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧
these date will be of some value in our research work.这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。
5、习语的倒译技巧。习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧。
for its last 600 miles the yellow river flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,north china plain ,which is densely populated.黄河最后的六百英里，向东流过平坦肥沃、人口密集的华北平原。（按照汉语的固定顺序倒译）
heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。（以轻重上区分进行倒译）
we have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.我们必须眼疾手快。（逆时间顺序倒译）
七、句子成份的转译技巧
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。the wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。（转译成定语）
to get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。（转译成宾语）machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.因为机械的缘故，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了。（转译成状语）
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。
3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。
automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量略大于质子的质量。（转译成谓语）
scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。（转译成状语）
5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。
these three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。（时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。（地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句）because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。（原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句）
八、分句、合句汉译技巧
英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；所谓合名，就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。运用这种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明，更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。分句流译的技巧共分五种类型，合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。
1、主语分句汉译技巧。
a man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天，回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。
2、谓语分句汉译技巧。
it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。
3、定语分句汉译技巧
he managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。
4、状语分句汉译技巧 sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
5、同位语分句汉译技巧。
mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
orists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: a.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;b.电仍在为我们工作;c.帮我们开动电冰箱;d.加热水;e.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“it is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: a.可是现在人们意识到;b.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;c.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;d.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique inspaniduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
um remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: a.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;b.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;c.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧结合;e.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: a.……变的越来越重要;b.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;c.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
s would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
number of the young people in the united states who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
sion, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: a: 人们不敢出门;b: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;c: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, b表示让步, c表示原因, 而a则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
his cue from ibsen's a doll's house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是 正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程, 在英译汉的过程中, 有两点值得我们特别地注 意:
(1)汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容, 即句子或文章的意义, 而不是句子结构;
(2)在翻译过程中, 英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。
因此,在做英译 汉的题目时, 汉语所表达的意义应与原文保持一致, 而汉语的句子结构只是为这一表达服务, 而不应拘泥 于原文。另外, 应付英译汉考试和一般的从事翻译创作不同, 因为各自有不同的衡量标准, 翻译创作的标 准为“信、达、雅”, 而英译汉考试则只要做到“忠实、通顺”即可。要做到忠实原文,就应该掌握好适 度原则, 即要把原文的内容准确完整地表达出来, 既不能改变和歪曲, 也不能增加或删减。例如, he is seriously ill.这本来是一个极为简单的句子, 可将其翻译为“他病得历害”或“他病得很重 ”, 但有人为了追求译文所谓的“漂亮”, 把它译成“他苟延残喘”, 这就给译文增加了 一定的感情色彩, 违背了忠实的原则, 反而得不偿失。要做到通顺, 就必须把英语原文翻译成合乎汉语规 范的汉语, 译文必须是明白通畅的现代汉语, 即不能逐字逐词的死译, 也不能生吞活剥。例如, his addi tion completed the list.有人将该句翻译成“他的加入结束了名单”或“他的加入完成了名单 ”, 这样的翻译尽管可以使读者能勉强看懂, 但总使人有别扭之感, 根本不象是地道的汉语, 根本 就不符合汉语的表达习惯, 关于上句, 我们不妨把它翻译为“把他添上, 名单(上的人)就全了”, 这样采取灵活的方法, 没有生硬地套用原文的结构, 就使得译文合乎汉语的习惯, 使人容易看懂, 读起 来也顺口多了。英译汉的过程包括理解, 分析句架表达和校核三个阶段, 理解是表达的前提, 若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达, 但理解与表达通常是互相联系, 往返反复的过程, 在进行汉语表达的时候, 又可以进一步加深对原文的理解, 因此, 在英译汉的过程中, 往往需要考生从英语到汉语, 再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。
一、理 解
理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文, 弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文, 建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤:
(1)通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系, 特别要弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those other所指代的词或词组。这些词和词组有时在划线的部分就能找到，有时则要到前面有关的句子中去找，这样的例子在今年的试题中是很多的。如: 92年的英译汉考题第一小题的英文为: there is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.在该句子中有the term一词, 那么它指代的是什么呢? 只有通过阅读上下文才能搞清楚, 而有的考生只是单纯地把它翻译为“这一术语”, 但是,在标准答案中, 该词被翻译成“智力”, 因为通过上下文我们很容易地看出它指的是“智力”这一术语。再比如在93年的考题中的英译汉部分的第二题的句子为“it is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.” 在这个句子中，the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latter等的含义都是在把握全文的基础之上才能掌握的，也只有这样我们才能做出正确的翻译。目前市场上的一些复习指导书主张考生不用通读全文，我们认为这是很不可取的，因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章, 其前后的意思都互相关联, 具有很强的逻辑性, 一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来, 这就是为什么我们有时看完一本书或一篇文章之后才对上文中的某个难以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此,上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分, 通读全文是很重要的。但是, 在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分, 只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。
(2)分析划线部分的句子结构。中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。从近年来的研究生入学试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。例如, 1994年的第二小题, “in short, a leader of the new school contends, ”the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.像这样复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构, 很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。在分析划线的部分的句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等，在此我们再次提醒考生注意，正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键，如果连句子结构还没有搞清楚，就匆忙地动笔翻译，肯定是不会有好的结果的，在往届的考生中，这样的教训屡见不鲜。下面我们以1996年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的第72题来说明句子结构的分析方法：
this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这是一个简单句，句子的骨干结构为this trend began during the second world war, when…, when是一个关系副词，在这个句子中引导了一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的名词the second world war。而在when引导的定语从句中，主句是several governments came to the conclusion …, that引导了一个同位语从句，做conclusion的同位语。在这个同位语从句中，主句是the specific demands… cannot generally be foreseen…, that是关系代词引导了一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词demands。这样通过我们进行详细的分析，在搞清楚句子的具体结构之后，在动笔翻译也就简单多了。也只有划清句架结构，我们才能知道如何翻译。例如上句中如果我们把when作为状语从句，译成“当……时候”就要被扣掉0??5分。如果把demand当成动词，也要扣0??5分。
(3)理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义, 还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外, 还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题: a.句子中是否 含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词, 如果有, 应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么;b.句子中的短语和一些常 用的词往往具有多种含义和用法, 那么, 在该句中它们的具体含义是什么;c.按照你的理解, 该部分的意义是否与 全篇文章的内容一致, 有无相互矛盾。总之, 在动手翻译之前, 首先要读懂原文, 不要一上来就急于动手翻译, 这 样做往往会出现一种情况: 该题快要翻译完了, 猛然又发现自己理解有误,马上就急忙修改, 搞的卷面上一塌糊涂, 而且很容易忙中出错, 把本应拿到的分数丢掉了, 这是非常令人可惜的。例如，某年的英译汉试题中有这样一句要 求翻译的句子: the capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.一位考生把它翻译成“使用原料的能力取决于各种各样 的因素, 例如,接近的方法, 提取的方法和加工技术。” 很显然, 这为考生并未完全理解这句话的意思, 原文列出 的三个因素, 是指获得某种原材料的三个过程, 即探矿、开采和冶炼, 因此, ”means of access”, “methods of extraction” 和“techniques of processing” 应该分别译为“钻探手段”、“开采方法”和“冶炼技术”, 那么, 整个句子就可翻译为“利用一种原材料能力的大小取决于各种各样的因素, 比如,钻探手段、开采方法和 冶炼技术。”
二、表 达
表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来, 表达的好坏取决与译者对于英语原文的理解程度以及汉语的修养水平。理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，许多考生反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点，因为在表达上还存在许多具体的方法和技巧。关于这些方法和技巧我们将在后面详细论述, 在此我们只是介绍两中基本的翻译方法: 直译和意译。
(1)直译。所谓直译, 就是在译文语言条件许可时, 在译文中既保持原文的内容, 又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中, 完全可以采取直译的方法, 这样可以获得一举两得之功效, 既保持了原文的结构, 又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译,象“it is asserted that …;it is believed that …”这一类的结构, 如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。
(2)意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系, 两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时, 就应采用意译法, 意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式, 重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如:“do you see any green in my eye?” 象这样的句子, 只能采取意译的方法, 把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗?” 当然, 意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。
在具体的翻译过程中, 我们应该采取灵活的方法, 不论是直译还是意译, 只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则, 都是可取的。在这里我们建议考生对结构比较复杂的句子可以先采取直译的方法，然后再对直译得出得结果进行加工润色，在保持原来句子意义的基础上，根据汉语的表达习惯，用既符合原文的意义又符合汉语表达习惯的句子表达出来。例如，我们在上面分析的1996年考题中的第72题我们可以首先直译为：
这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战，当时一些政府得出这样的结论，政府希望对科研部门所提出的特定的要求，总的来说还不能非常具体的预见到。
然后，我们对上述译文进行加工润色，就可以得出下面的结果：
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战，当时一些国家的政府得出结论，政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法预见的。
在翻译的过程中, 我们务必注意以下几点:
(1)理解透彻之后再动手表达, 否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙;
(2)切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座, 逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类;
(3)切忌擅自增减词意, 增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。
三、校 核
校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化, 是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段, 因此, 校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段, 并不是可有可无的, 通过表达之后的校核, 我们可以发现译文的一些问题, 确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段, 一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题:
(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等;
(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏;(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇;
(4)有无错别字;
(5)标点符号是否有误。
北外口译翻译技巧资料书篇五
英译汉
chapter one 词义的选择、引申和褒贬 一．词义的选择
（一）根据词性 he likes are shining like knows like.(二)根据上下文联系 he is the last man to do should be the last to is the last man to is the last person for such a job.二．词义的引申
（一）将词义做抽象化的引申
1．将表示具体形象的词译成该形象代表的属性
every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有甜有苦。there is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他们的性格既残暴，又狡猾。
2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的词 see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad 时好时坏这两种情况不断地交替出现 their troops goosestepped into power.他们的军队耀武扬威地夺取了政权。
（二）将词义做具体化的引申
the car in front of me stopped and i missed the green.我前面的车停下来了，我错过了绿灯。
三．词义的褒贬
（一）英语中有些词本身具有褒贬意义 he was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。
his notoriety didn’t come until his death.他的恶名是他死后才传开的。
（二）中立意义的词在上下文中译出褒贬
the politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我们要求他谈了他的希望和抱负
he had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。
练习: information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.信息技术将成为21世纪全球经济竞争的中心。
the largest american cities are a spanerse group, but they share certain problems.美国的大城市形形色色，却有许多共同的问题。
the expansion of educational opportunities promoted the american ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不断普及，推动了机遇面前人人平等的美国理想的实现。race relations in the us continue to be a thorny problem.美国的种族关系一直是棘手的问题。
the spanerse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口结构也给社会带来一定的问题，种族歧视和偏见依然存在。
both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.报纸和杂志的经费来源主要是依靠广告收入。
geography has given the us extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置为美国提供了丰富的可利用资源，肥沃的土地和有利的气候。the percentage of us children living without their father present has ballooned.美国没有父亲的单亲孩子比例激增。
the american greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美国的节日贺卡和装饰业增添了宗教节日和习俗节日的欢乐气氛。
between 1689 and 1763, great britain and france fought a series of wars which involved the north american colonies.1689年至1763年间英法两国连年战争，使北美的欧洲殖民地也卷入其中。
the modern american economy has never been completely free from government involvement。现代美国经济从来没有完全脱离过政府的干预。
the increase in dink families has shattered the traditional idea of chinese family。丁克家庭的增长冲击了传统的中国家庭观念。
chapter two 词类转译 一．转译为动词 1．名词转译为动词
rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用来探索宇宙。
2．含有动词意味的名词转译为动词
the sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的飞机，听到飞机的声音，令我特别神往。
3．英语中以er结尾的名词在句中不指身份和职业，而含有动词意味，译为动词 i think my sister is a better singer than i.我认为我姐姐比我唱的好。二．转译为名词 1．名词派生的动词
formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系有一个特点就是以礼相待。2．名词转化的动词
this machine is designed to burn up if overused.这个机器，按其设计，如果过度使用就会烧毁。
练习：
for millions of immigrants, the statue of liberty was their first sight of the promising land.数百万移民踏上这片充满希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。
one thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.导致人们迁居的原因往往是向往宜人的气候，迷人的景色和惬意的生活。
the american airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.过去的20年中，美国的航空运输业迅速发展。
the growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。
population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
the american economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制，合伙制和公司制。
chapter three 分句 合句法 一．分句法
（一）把原句中一个单词译成句子 1．副词
they, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇。2．形容词
he talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在谈到他女儿的时候很自豪，这是可以理解的。3．名词
the inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每个房间内怎样的布置，这要看各个使用者的性格了。
(二)把短语翻译成句子 1．名词短语
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。2．介词短语
their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增加。
(三)把原文中的一个句子拆开, 变成两个句子
another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果该地区再次发生战争, 显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。
his failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
二．合句法
（一）把原文中两个或以上的简单句译成一个句子
there are men here from all over the of them are from the north.从全国各地来的人中有许多是北方人。
（二）把原文中的主从复合句译成一句
when we praise the chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是处于礼貌。
练习: americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美国人有独立的精神，有自主的权利，并为此感到自豪。
the popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.电视普及，盗版问题严重，导致了电影业的衰落。
hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，温差很小。
americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.与大部分工业化国家相比，美国人休假时间短，休假次数少。
the importance of strengthening ties between the us and china will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.随着新世纪的开始，加强美中关系变得越来越重要。
growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些产业劳动力日益短缺，将使工人更有权利要求较高的工资。
new york has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.纽约已经成为西方世界最具影响力的大城市之一，目前人口已达800万。
despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the us.虽然美国是个富裕的国家，但全国仍然存在着贫穷和严重的收入差别问题。
the researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人员希望完善克隆牛技术，因为昂贵的高质牛肉市场庞大。
chapter four 定语从句 一．限制性定从
（一）前置法
there will come a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。
（二）后置法
1．译成并列分句，重复英语先行词 they are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every chinese and for which, in the past, many chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍惜的，在过去，许多中国人曾为此牺牲了自己的生命。
he unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力无私地献给了这项事业，而这项事业今天已使他实现了目标。2．译成并列分句，省略英语先行词
it is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信，说他的叔叔去世了。
（三）融合法
there are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。二．非限制性定语从句
（一）前置法
her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。
（二）后置法 1．译成并列分句
（1）从句后置，重复关系词代表的含义
they toured the forbidden city, where the chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他们参观了紫禁城，从前的中国皇帝曾在那里过着奢华显赫的生活。（2）从句后置，省略关系词代表的含义
after dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.饭后，他们继续会谈，直到深夜。
（3）从句前置，重复关系词代表的含义
this war, however, more complex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次战争是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场，资源和领土的冲突，而这次战争却比上一次复杂。
2．译成独立句
he had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和总统谈过话，总统向他保证，凡是能作到的都将去做。
【本文地址：http://www.xuefen.com.cn/zuowen/1078331.html】
